Arbeidstakere i varig tilrettelagt arbeid (VTA): En dokumentanalyse av arbeidsinkluderingsbedrifters mål og planer for læring
[Workers in permanent adapted employment (PAE): A document analysis of vocational rehabilitation agencies’ goals and plans for learning]
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3384/njvet.2242-458X.2515278Keywords:
vocational education and training, disability, workplace learning, Dewey, supported-, customised- and sheltered employmentAbstract
The study examines the goals and plans of Vocational Rehabilitation Companies (VRC) related to learning for their employees receiving permanent disability benefit and employed in the the Active Labour Market Programme: Permanent Adapted Employment (PAE). The study is an analysis of ten documents (funding proposals) that describe the implementation of PAE, obtained from ten different VRCs. The findings show that the employees in PAE have opportunities to enhance their formal and informal qualifications. The companies use the curriculum framework for vocational education as a guideline in the training of work-related skills that can lead to formal qualification, such as a certificate of competence or apprenticeship certificate. In this manner, PAE can be understood as an extension of the formal education system. The documents also show that the companies offer learning content that aligns with the demands of working life and the underlying democratic principles in the Norwegian employment model. In addition, they provide opportunities for learning and experiences that can contribute to improving the employees’ life skills. The findings are discussed in light of Dewey’s perspectives on learning and education.
References
Andreassen, T., Breit, E. & Saltkjel, T. (2022). Inkludering, antidiskriminering eller aktivering: Hvordan politikk for økt arbeidslivsdeltakelse studeres fra ulike forskningstradisjoner. I M. Sønderskov (Red.), Samhandling og inkludering i arbeidslivet (s. 41–61). Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
Arbeidsmiljøloven. (2006). Lov om arbeidsmiljø, arbeidstid og stillingsvern mv. (arbeidsmiljøloven) (§ 4-2). Arbeids- og inkluderingsdepartmentet. https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2005-06-17-62
Asdal, K. & Reinertsen, H. (2020). Hvordan gjøre dokumentanalyse: En praksis-orientert metode. Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
Barne- og likestillingsdepartementet. (2018). Et samfunn for alle: Regjeringens strategi for likestilling av mennesker med funksjonsnedsettelser for perioden 2020–2030.
Bartram, T. & Cavanagh, J. (2019). Re-thinking vocational education and training: Creating opportunities for workers with disability in open employment. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 71(3), 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2019.1638168
Bartram, T., Cavanagh, J., Meacham, H. & Pariona-Cabrera, P. (2021). Re-calibrating HRM to improve the work experiences for workers with intellectual disability. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 59(1), 63–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12230
Bartram, T., Cavanagh, J., Sim, S., Pariona-Cabrera, P. & Meacham, H. (2018). Going the extra mile: Managers and supervisors as moral agents for workers with disability at two social enterprises. Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations, 73(4), 728–752. https://doi.org/10.7202/1056975ar
Bliksvær, T. (2018). Disability, labour market participation and the effect of educational level: Compared to what? Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 20(1), 6–17. https://doi.org/10.16993/sjdr.3
Boeije, H. R. (2002). A purposeful approach to the constant comparative method in the analysis of qualitative interviews. Quality & quantity, 36(4), 391–409. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020909529486
Bragstad, T. (2023). Unge i NAV: Fra arbeidsavklaringspenger til uføretrygd. Arbeid og velferd, 2, 85–110. https://arbeidogvelferd.nav.no/journal/2023/2/m-3454/Unge_i_NAV:_Fra_arbeidsavklaringspenger_til_uføretrygd
Brinkmann, S. (2006). John Dewey: En introduktion. Hans Reitzel.
Cavanagh, J., Bartram, T., Meacham, H., Bigby, C., Oakman, J. & Fossey, E. (2017). Supporting workers with disabilities: A scoping review of the role of human resource management in contemporary organisations. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 55(1), 6–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12111
Cavanagh, J., Meacham, H., Cabrera, P. P. & Bartram, T. (2019). Vocational learning for workers with intellectual disability: Interventions at two case study sites. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 71(3), 350–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2019.1578819
CRPD. (2006). FN-konvensjonen om rettighetene til mennesker med funksjons-nedsettelse. Forente nasjoner. https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convoptprot-e.pdf
Deci, E. L., Olafsen, A. H. & Ryan, R. M. (2017). Self-determination theory in work organizations: The state of a science. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4(1), 19–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113108
Dewey, J. (1897). My pedagogic creed. The School journal, 54, 77–80.
Dewey, J. (1910). The child and the curriculum. University of Chicago Press.
Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of education. The Macmillian Company.
Dewey, J. (1934). Art as Experience. Penguin group.
Econ Pöyry. (2011). Differensierte satser VTA. https://kudos.dfo.no/dokument/9028/differensierte-satser-for-varig-tilrettelagt-arbeid-vta
Elkjær, B. (2022). Når læring går på arbejde i lyset af John Deweys pragmatisme. Samfunslitteratur.
Ellenkamp, J. J., Brouwers, E. P., Embregts, P. J., Joosen, M. C. & van Weeghel, J. (2016). Work environment-related factors in obtaining and maintaining work in a competitive employment setting for employees with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 26, 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-015-9586-1
Ellingsen, K. E. & Gjærum, R. G. (2010). En ny verden for deg: Fra historikk til fremtidsvisjoner. I R. G. Gjærum (Red.), Usedvanlig kvalitativ forskning (s. 17–30). Universitetsforlaget.
Fesmire, S. (2015). Dewey. Routledge.
Filstad, C. (2022). Organisasjonslæring: Fra kunnskap til kompetanse. Fagbokforlaget.
Flower, R. L., Hedley, D., Spoor, J. R. & Dissanayake, C. (2019). An alternative pathway to employment for autistic job-seekers: A case study of a training and assessment program targeted to autistic job candidates. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 71(3), 407–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2019.1636846
Frøyland, K., Andreassen, T. A. & Innvær, S. (2019). Contrasting supply-side, demand-side and combined approaches to labour market integration. Journal of Social Policy, 48(2), 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279418000491
Garrels, V. & Sigstad, H. M. H. (2019). Motivation for employment in Norwegian adults with mild intellectual disability: The role of competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 21(1), 250–261. https://doi.org/10.16993/sjdr.639
Garrels, V. & Sigstad, H. M. H. (2021). Employment for persons with intellectual disability in the Nordic countries: A scoping review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 34(4), 993–1007. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12880
Garrison, J., Neubert, S. & Reich, K. (2012). Criticism and concerns: Reconstructing Dewey for our times. I J. Garrison, S. Neubert & K. Reich (Red.), John Dewey’s philosophy of education: An introduction and recontextualization for our times (s. 109–180). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137026187_4
Garrison, J. W. (2002). Habits as social tools in context: Occupation, participation and health. The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 22, 115–175.
Gjertsen, H. (2021a). Arbeidsrettede tiltak for personer med utviklingshemming. I H. Gjertsen & H. A. Hauge (Red.), Arbeidsinkludering for personer med utviklingshemming (s. 34–36). Universitetsforlaget.
Gjertsen, H. (2021b). Å jobbe både i skjermet og ordinær virksomhet via VTA. I H. Gjertsen, L. Melbøe & H. A. Hauge (Red.), Arbeidsinkludering for personer med utviklingshemming (s. 105–116). Universitetsforlaget.
Gjertsen, H., Hardonk, S. & Ineland, J. (2021). Work inclusion for people with intellectual disabilities in three Nordic countries: The current policy and challenges. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 23(1), 360–370. https://doi.org/10.16993/sjdr.821
Henschke, J. A. (2015). Cutting edge discoveries for the 2015: Capsule of a history and philosophy of andragogy. Commission for International Adult Education. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED570516
Hetland, H. & Hetland, J. (2021). Basale psykologiske behov i arbeidslivet: Autonomi, kompetanse og tilhørighet. I S. V. Einarsen & A. Skogstad (Red.), Det gode arbeidsmiljø: Krav og utfordringer (s. 92–108). Fagbokforlaget.
Illeris, K. (2006). Lifelong learning and the low‐skilled. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 25(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370500309451
Ineland, J., Karhina, K. & Vikström, L. (2021). School-to-work transitions for students with intellectual disabilities: Teachers’ perceptions and experiences of a recent workplace-based reform in Sweden. Journal of International Special Needs Education, 24(2), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.9782/JISNE-D-20-00012
Jahoda, M. (1981). Work, employment, and unemployment: Values, theories, and approaches in social research. American Psychologist, 36(2), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.184
Knowles, M. S., Holton 3rd, E. F. & Swanson, R. A. (2005). The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development (6. utg.). Elsevier.
Kostøl, A. R. & Myhre, A. S. (2020). Forskningsrapport: Informasjon og økonomiske insentiv i ny uføretrygd. NAV. https://www.nav.no/no/nav-og-samfunn/kunnskap/forskningsrapporter-og-evalueringer-finansiert-av-nav/samhandling-med-brukere-rapportarkiv/informasjon-og-okonomiske-insentiv-i-ny-uforetrygd
Kuczera, M. & Jeon, S. (2019). Enhancing work-based learning in the vocational education and training system in Sweden. OECD publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/fcee37ba-en
Kunnskapsdepartementet. (2017). Overordnet del: Verdier og prinsipper for grunnopplæringen. Læreplanverket for Kunnskapsløftet 2020. https://www.udir.no/lk20/overordnet-del/prinsipper-for-laring-utvikling-og-danning/kompetanse-i-fagene/?curriculum-resources=true
Lamøy, E. & Myhre, A. (2021). Mulig samfunnsgevinst av arbeid fremfor uføretrygd. Arbeid og velferd, 2, 2021.
Mandal, R. (2008). «De har jo uansett uførepensjon»: En undersøkelse av arbeidsmarkedstiltaket Varig tilrettelagt arbeid (VTA) (Fafo-rapport 2008:42). Fafo. https://www.arbeidoginkludering.no/siteassets/fafo-rapport-vta.pdf
Markussen, E., Grøgaard, J. B. & Hjetland, H. N. (2018). «Jeg vet ikke hva alternativet skulle vært»: Evaluering av lærekandidatordningen og av ordningen med tilskudd til opplæring av lærlinger, praksisbrevkandidater og lærekandidater med særskilte behov (Rapport 2018:8). NIFU. https://nifu.brage.unit.no/nifu-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2500663/NIFUrapport2018-8.pdf?sequence=1
Mazzotti, V. L., Rowe, D. A., Kwiatek, S., Voggt, A., Chang, W.-H., Fowler, C. H., Poppen, M., Sinclair, J. & Test, D. W. (2020). Secondary transition predictors of postschool success: An update to the research base. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 44(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165143420959793
Meacham, H., Cavanagh, J., Bartram, T. & Laing, J. (2018). Ethical management in the hotel sector: Creating an authentic work experience for workers with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(3), 823–835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3499-1
Meacham, H., Cavanagh, J., Bartram, T., Pariona-Cabrera, P. & Shaw, A. (2021). Workplace health promotion interventions for Australian workers with intellectual disability. Health Promotion International, 36(2), 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daaa129
Meacham, H., Cavanagh, J., Shaw, A. & Bartram, T. (2017a). HRM practices that support the employment and social inclusion of workers with an intellectual disability. Personnel Review, 46(8), 1475–1492. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2016-0105
Meacham, H., Cavanagh, J., Shaw, A. & Bartram, T. (2017b). Innovation programs at the workplace for workers with an intellectual disability. Personnel Review, 46(7), 1381–1396. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-08-2016-0214
Meld.st. 8. (2022–2023). Menneskerettar for personar med utviklingshemming: Det handlar om å bli høyrt og sett. Kultur- og likestillingsdepartementet. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/meld.-st.-8-20222023/id2945431/?ch=1
Nav. (2013). Rundskriv: Ufyllende regler til Arbeids- og velferdsetatens anvendelse av forskrift om arbeidsmarkedstiltak. https://lovdata.no/nav/rundskriv/r76-12-01
Nav. (2019). Kravspesifikasjon varig tilrettelagt arbeid i skjermet virksomhet.
NESH. (2023). Forskningsetiske retningslinjer for samfunnsvitenskap og humaniora. Den nasjonale forskningsetiske komité for samfunnsvitenskap og humaniora. https://www.forskningsetikk.no/retningslinjer/hum-sam/forskningsetiske-retningslinjer-for-samfunnsvitenskap-og-humaniora/
NOU 2012:6. Arbeidsrettede tiltak. Arbeidsdepartementet. https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/f2ce6d22c3914e7b89d15db41285cf85/no/pdfs/nou201220120006000dddpdfs.pdf
NOU 2019:7. Arbeid og inntektssikring: Tiltak for økt sysselsetting. Arbeids- og sosialdepartementet. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2019-7/id2637967/?ch=1
OECD. (2023). Education at glance 2023: Country note. Norway. OECD.
Olsen, T., Qvortrup, J. & Bråthen, K. (2021). Arbeidstaker eller deltaker? Medvirking og innflytelse i Varig tilrettelagt arbeid. Fontene forskning, 14(2), 58–69. https://fontene.no/forskning/arbeidstaker-eller-deltaker-medvirkning-og-innflytelse-i-varig-tilrettelagt-arbeid-6.584.876127.41518925a9
Opplæringslova. (1998). Lov om grunnskolen og den vidaregåande opplæringa (opplæringslova) (4). https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1998-07-17-61
Oxford Research. (2021). Kartlegging av ordinært arbeidsliv i VTA: Sluttrapport fra kartlegging. https://oxfordresearch.no/publications/bruk-av-ordinaert-arbeidsliv-i-vta-tiltaket/
Riksrevisionen. (2023). Samhalls samhällsuppdrag: Styrning och organisation i behov av förändring (RiR 2023:14). https://www.riksrevisionen.se/rapporter/granskningsrapporter/2023/samhalls-samhallsuppdrag---styrning-och-organisation-i-behov-av-forandring.html
Riksrevisjonen. (2024). Arbeidsretta bistand frå styresmaktene til unge utanfor arbeidslivet. https://www.riksrevisjonen.no/rapporter-mappe/no-2023-2024/arbeidsretta-bistand-fra-styresmaktene-til-unge-utanfor-arbeidslivet/
Spetalen, H. (2017). Grunnleggende ferdigheter for arbeidslivet? Bruk og betydning i restaurant- og matfagyrker. Nordic Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 7(1), 88–112. https://doi.org/10.3384/njvet.2242-458X.177188
Spjelkavik, Ø., Børing, P., Frøyland, K. & Skarpaas, I. (2012). Behovet for Varig tilrettelagt arbeid. Arbeidsforskningsinsituttet. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12199/6190
Taylor, J., Thoma, C., Scott, L., Broda, M., Wehman, P. & Whittenburg, H. (2023). Inclusive educational and vocational predictors of postsecondary education for youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 29(6), 845–862. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2023.2225503
Test, D. W., Mazzotti, V. L., Mustian, A. L., Fowler, C. H., Kortering, L. & Kohler, P. (2009). Evidence-based secondary transition predictors for improving postschool outcomes for students with disabilities. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 32(3), 160–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885728809346960
Thoms, C. L. V. & Burton, S. L. (2016). Learning, development, and training: The influence og synergies through educational evolution. International Journal of Adult Vocational Education and Technology, 7(4), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJAVET.2016100106
Tiltaksforskriften. (2015). Forskrift om arbeidsmarkedstiltak (tiltaksforskriften) (§ 14-5). https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2015-12-11-1598/KAPITTEL_14#KAPITTEL_14
Trainor, A. A., Carter, E. W., Karpur, A., Martin, J. E., Mazzotti, V. L., Morningstar, M. E., Newman, L. & Rojewski, J. W. (2020). A framework for research in transition: Identifying important areas and intersections for future study. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 43(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165143419864551
Tøssebro, J. & Olsen, T. (2020). Employment opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities. I R. J. Stancliffe, M. L. Wehmeyer, K. A. Shogren & B. H. Abery (Red.), Choice, preference, and disability: Promoting self-determination across the lifespan (s. 225–246). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35683-5_12
Tøssebro, J., Olsø, T. M. & Kittelsaa, A. (2019). Arbeid og aktivt voksenliv. I J. Tøssebro (Red.), Hverdag i velferdsstatens bofellesskap (s. 136–155). Universitets-forlaget.
Vo, L.-C. & Kelemen, M. (2014). John Dewey (1859–1952). I The Oxford handbook of process philosophy and organization studies (s. 236–254). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669356.013.0015
VTA-overenskomsten. (2022–2024). VTA-overenskomsten 2022-2024. ASVL, Felles-forbundet og LO. https://www.fellesforbundet.no/lonn-og-tariff/tariffavtaler/vta-overenskomsten/
Waddell, G. & Burton, A. K. (2006). Is work good for your health and well-being? The Stationary Office.
Wehman, P. (2023). Supported employment and customized employment: How effective are these interventions and what has been their impact on the field? Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 58, 237–247. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-230022
Wehman, P., Sima, A. P., Ketchum, J., West, M. D., Chan, F. & Luecking, R. (2015). Predictors of successful transition from school to employment for youth with disabilities. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 25(2), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-014-9541-6
Westbrook, R. B. (1992). Schools for industrial democrats: The social origins of John Dewey’s philosophy of education. American Journal of Education, 100(4), 401–419. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1085816
Whittenburg, H. N., Taylor, J. P., Thoma, C. A., Pickover, G. S. & Vitullo, V. E. (2020). A systematic literature review of interventions to improve work-related social skills of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Inclusion, 8(4), 320–334. https://doi.org/10.1352/2326-6988-8.4.320
Winefield, A. H. & Tiggemann, M. (1990). Employment status and psychological well-being: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(4), 455–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.4.455
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Gry Fossan

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
From 2021 NJVET publishes all articles under the Creative Commons License CC BY 4.0.